The earth is an active, living planet. The most obvious manifestations of this are earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Both activities are mainly linked to the borders of the earth’s moving tectonic plates. The most mystifying, however, are earthquakes occurring within the plates and the vast expanses of basalt plateaux and lava flows produced in a volcanic cone range beneath the sea. All these are the results of huge substance flows (convections) within the entire earth’s crust, driven by the ancient heat of the earth’s iron core, the loss of heat energy on the surface of the earth and the force of gravity.

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